Background: Head trauma may cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The use of ocular ultrasound to measure optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a method to determine the ICP. The use of the rigid cervical collar in head trauma patients contribute to elevating ICP, and therefore, potentially causing further deterioration in their condition. Objectives: This study aimed to describe changes in ONSD after the placement of a c-collar and analyze these changes depending on the time in the c-collar. Methods: This prospective study measured the ONSD of minor head trauma patients before and after the placement of a c-collar. Patients aged , 18 with blunt head trauma and Glasgow Coma Score , 13 were included in the study. Each eye was scanned twice. This was done before c-collar placement, at 5 and 20 min after placement. The mean values of both eyes were calculated and analyzed. Results: This study investigated 50 patients. The mean baseline ONSD was obtained at 4. 71mm±, 0. 22 (4. 54-4. 77). Furthermore, T5 and T20 measurements were 5. 19±, 0. 41 (5. 07-5. 31) and 5. 26±, 0. 45 (5. 14-5. 39), respectively. The ONSD increased at T5 and T20. The changes from the baseline measurements were statistically significant (P=0. 000, P=0. 000). The difference between T5 and T20 groups was an increase in ONSD, and these differences were also statistically significant (0. 07±, 0. 19,P=0. 008). Conclusion: Our results revealed that minor head trauma patients using a c-collar may increase ONSD by timeline the clinical effects of which have to be determined with further studies. Enlargement in ONSD should be considered when interpreting ICP.

Reducing scouring is inevitable to prevent the destruction of hydraulic structures on the water flows. In this research, the effect of semicircular collar on the reduction of scour depth around the abutment was investigated with the aim of identifying the flow pattern changes around this structure. Experiments were carried out under clear water conditions. Semicircular collars were examined on semicircular abutments in two sizes 1. 5L and 2L (L is abutment length against the flow) and at three different levels relative to the bed; bed alignment, 0. 2L below and 0. 2 above the bed. The results showed that the existence of the collar, in addition to reducing the final scour depth, caused a delay in the scouring process. This effect has also been increased by increasing the size of the collar. In addition, the position of collars with the same size can improve collar performance and efficiency on the design cost. Based on the results of the experiments, the collar with 2L size and under the bed showed better performance and reduced the final scour depth by 58% compared to the control abutment. Also, according to the experiments, the position of the collar under the bed showed better performance. By investigating the flow pattern around the abutment in conditions with and without collar, it was found that the collar reduces the flow velocity in different directions, especially in the upstream of the abutment. Also, its effect on downflow reduces the strength of the vortices and changes the reciprocating behavior and displacement of the vortices. So that the presence of collar has reduced the maximum downflow velocity at the upstream abutment by 39%.

Background and Objectives: One of the main reasons for the failure of bridges in the United States and around the world is scouring. The flow characteristics, the base shape and the angle of its deposition relative to the flow and characteristics of the sediments are all factors that interfere with the complexity of the scouring problem of bridges. It should be noted that the final scour depth created near the bridge base is equal to the total erosion depth due to local, general and narrowing of the flow width. Since the propagation of the scour hole threatens the sustainability of the bridge structure, predicting the amount of dirt and adopting the necessary measures for its containment are considered as common engineering measures in river engineering. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of air foil lattice collars on aerodynamic bridge foundations was investigated. In order to investigate the research in this study, a flume was used at Azad University of Ahvaz with the following characteristics. The input and output channels of the flume are a rectangular weirs with a Plexiglas sheet, so that the length of the direct input channels at the beginning of the flume and the output at the end of the flume are 4. 5 and 2. 5 meters, respectively, the width and height of the flume are 0. 5 and 0. 6 meters and the body of the flume is at a height of 0. 7 meters from the ground. Results: By installing the collar at a relative depth of 0. 1, the length of the collars of the scouring net was reduced compared to the collarless base. By installing the collar at a relative depth of 0. 5, the lattice collars with relative lengths of 6, 8 and 10 were 35. 2, 37. 4 and 38. 4 percent, respectively, to reduce scouring compared to the collarless base. Also, by installing the collar at relative depth (Z/D)=1 with a length (L/D) of 6, 8 and 10, collars were 27. 7, 31. 6 and 31. 4 percent compared with a collarless bridge pier, respectively. By increasing relative velocity (V/Vc) from 0. 54 to 0. 95, on average, the scouring increased by 113. 8%. By installing the collar at a relative depth (Z/D) of 0. 1, 0. 5 and 1, 16. 6, 35. 2 and 27. 7 percent lower scouring were observed compared with the collarless base. Also, by increasing the depth of the lattice aerodynamic collars the scour reduction decreased by 22. 3 percent. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the best depth of the collar is about half the diameter of the base of the bridge. Also, simulation with the Flow-3D math model is close to the physical model and has an average of only 4. 5% error, which is acceptable.

More than six decades past since the important and everlasting work of Edwin H. Sutherland, The famous professor of penal sociology in the U.S.A, entitled "white-collar crime", has been published. Sutherland explained this topic in terms of its importance for the civil society of the U.S.A, and opened a new way which was later pursued by the celebrated criminologists. From the criminologists point of view, white- collar criminals who have no ethical conscience, enjoy high ability to commit a crime on one hand, and their conformitibility is in a high level on the other hand. This point expresses the probable harms of these good- looking criminals and their dangerous state. White- collar criminals belong to high social classes, they enjoy power and effectual influence. They commit crimes such as fraud, embezzlement, bribery, forgery, abuse of credit cards, efc. In Sutherlands definition, "white-collar crime" is a crime committed by a person of high status in the course of occupation. They are called white - collar criminals, because of their plausible face, public reputation, intelligence and being under social acceptability. The effects of their criminal acts are in a manner, which their results predominantly remain for a long time. However , its necessary to study the white- collar crimes whit respect to their destructive effects on communities through a comprehensive approach, especially from criminologicaly aspects.

This experiment was conducted in Rikhalan Experimental Station in Marivan city of Kurdistan province of Iran in 1999 and ended in 2006. In first phase, (nursery selection) 29 genotypes of walnut (Juglans regia L.) were studied, under Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with four replications in three years. The measured tree characteristics were: height, collar diameter and survival. Based on the results of first phase, for the second phase, five genotypes of walnut (J–2, J–10, J–17, J–18 and J–19) were selected and planted under Split Plots Design with three replications during seven years (1998–2006). The main plots were: Control and soil surface with mulch cover and the secondary plots contained five walnut genotypes. Results showed that there were only significant differences between the main treatments in respect to the growth characteristics (p < 0.01). Survival, crown diameter, height and collar diameter of the walnuts at plots applied with plant material mulch (oak chipped branches) were significantly greater (96.7 %, 72.6 cm, 135.9 cm and 37.4 mm, respectively) than the walnuts at control plots (77.9 %, 50.1 cm, 95.6 and 28.4 mm, respectively).

This experiment was performed at randomized block and factorial design with three treatments, sowing date (autumn and winter), irrigation periods (2 and 4 days) and weed mechanical control ( 7 and 14 days) with four replications and 15 vases (per replications) was established in Zaghe nursery in Khorramabad of  Iran. In the end of the first growing season measurements were including height growth, diameter of collar, root length and survival rate. The results showed that weed control treatment of 14 days period higher height growth than 7 days. Effect of sowing date on diameter growth of Cupressus arizonica was investigated and the results showed that maximum diameter growth was in Cupressus arizonica at winter sowing date. Based on results, effect of irrigation periods and weed control on diameter growth was insignificant. In mentioned species effect of on diameter growth was insignificant. Effect of mentioned treatments on survival of Cupressus arizonica was insignificant. Effect of sowing date on root length was significant and maximum length was at winter sowing but effect of irrigation periods and weed control in this treatment was insignificant. Based on results for decrease of cost of seedlings produce in nursery, the duration of weed control and irrigation period can be wide, for better organize.

Drought significantly affects plant growth and causes delays in growth, and disturbance in physiology. This study aims to investigate the effect of drought stress on the morphological characteristics of Tehran pine and Chinaberry. This study was done factorially with the factor of different ages of tree species and different drought stresses in the form of a randomized complete block design with 10 replications. Collar diameter, height and canopy size were recorded as the average of the zero state of the studied seedlings and the evaluated parameters were measured at the beginning and end of the study period. With the increase of drought stress and decrease of humidity at a certain age, the growth amount of each of the studied factors, including collar diameter, height and crown area decreases. The results showed that the collar diameter, height and canopy surface in 0. 3 drought stress compared to 0. 5 and 0. 7 drought stress at 1, 3 and 5 years old have the highest value. The average comparison results showed that water stress on seedlings is not significant in all cases. Water deficiency has a significant effect on the collar diameter and canopy surface in Tehran pine and on the collar diameter and height of bitter olive. The mutual effect of seedling age and drought stress on the crown area of Tehran pine and collar diameter and height of bitter olive has a significant effect. It is better to use drought stress of 0. 7 so that the seedlings used can withstand adverse environmental conditions.

Background and Objectives: Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., known as the chestnut-leaved oak, is an important species in Iran’s Hyrcanian forests with considerable environmental significance. This study aimed to investigate how seed provenance and altitude affect the morphological traits of Quercus castaneifolia seedlings. Materials and Methods: Seeds were collected from 12 forest stands across four habitats: Mazandaran, Golestan, Gilan, and North Khorasan provinces. From each stand, 10 trees with diameters greater than 50 cm were selected, and 600 seeds were collected per tree. Seeds were sown at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in Chalaki, Gorgan county. The experiment employed a factorial design within a completely randomized framework. Seeds were sown in a 660 m² nursery with three replications based on provenance and altitude. Two populations (North Khorasan and mid-altitude Golestan) were excluded due to pest damage and poor germination. Seedling height and root collar diameter were measured once mid-growing season in the second year. Data analysis included two-way ANOVA, with normality confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Means were compared using Duncan’s test, and altitudinal gradients compared by independent t-test. Results: Seed origin (collection province and altitude) each had a significant independent effect on seedling height, while their interaction was not significant. For root collar diameter, only the collection province showed a significant effect, altitude had no significant impact. Duncan’s test revealed the tallest seedlings (107. 86 ± 48. 6 cm) and largest root collar diameter (12. 0 ± 39. 58 mm) originated from Golestan province seeds, while seedlings from Gilan province had the lowest height (67. 11 ± 27. 94 cm) and root collar diameter (10. 11 ± 0. 47 mm). Conclusion: Seed provenance and altitude significantly influence the genetic diversity and morphological traits of Quercus castaneifolia seedlings. These factors should be integrated into breeding and conservation programs, especially when selecting seed collection sites and seed sources for restoration, aiding species preservation in downstream ecosystems.

The single tree selection method was applied in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran to imitate nature and enhance the ecosystem characteristics and functions such as biodiversity, flexibility, and adaptability. However, the effectiveness of this imitation and the changes in the forest stand characteristics were unclear. This research compared the regeneration characteristics of tree species in canopy gaps larger than 100 m2 in a beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand in the Hyrcanian forests that underwent single tree selection in 2013 with an unmanaged beech forest as a reference. The abundance of seedlings and saplings of all tree species was recorded in each microplot (with an area of 4 m2) in the center and four edges of each gap. The height, collar diameter, crown width, health, stem form, and mode of branching of beech saplings were also measured in each sample microplot and compared. The results indicated that the mean collar diameter (26.6±2.2 mm), height (270.4±23.6 cm), and frequency of orthotropic beech saplings (0.3±0.06) in the managed compartment were significantly higher than the unmanaged compartment (p < 0.05). The average frequency of regeneration in the managed and unmanaged compartments was 7.9 and 6.3 per microplot, respectively. The frequency of beech regeneration in the managed compartment was higher in large gaps, while it was higher in medium gaps in the unmanaged compartment. Although the low harvesting in the studied forest improved the growth conditions for beech seedlings, the abundance of dead trees should be considered. Moreover, the presence of Hedera pastuchovii Woron. exGrossh. in these forests should be examined and managed accordingly.

A study on the impacts of soil humidity and artificial shading on growth, biomass production and its allocation to different organs of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) saplings was carried out in Alborz research station complex (Karaj, Iran). One year seedlings were treated by soil humidity (20, 50 and 100 percent of field capacity) and shading (100, 70 and 50 percent of full sunlight) factors in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design from June to December 2014. Results showed significant impact of oil humidity on height, collar diameter, fresh and dry biomass of leaves and stem as well as on total fresh biomass. Shade significantly decreased height, root and total dry biomass and root to shoot fresh biomass ratio.Moreover, wild pistachio saplings with different soil humidity treatments show different responses to shade. In particular, shade significantly decreases height, fresh leaves biomass and R/S fresh biomass ratio for well-irrigated saplings and increases these parameters for saplings under drought stress. Response trends of different parameters under humidity × shade treatments showed that shade can reduce undesirable effects of drought stress on wild pistachio saplings.